Functional Communication OT Support Guides
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association states, "Communication is the active process of exchanging information and ideas. Communication involves both understanding and expression. Forms of expression may include personalized movements, gestures, objects, vocalizations, verbalizations, signs, pictures, symbols, printed words, and output from augmentative and alternative (AAC) devices."
OT's Role In Communication
While Occupational Therapy practitioners are not specialists in speech, language, or communication, they can address contributing factors such as body positioning, nonverbal communication, working memory, sensory processing, and perception to reduce barriers to effective communication. Additionally, occupational therapists have a long-standing collaborative relationship with Speech-Language Pathology professionals. Through a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach, therapists may support shared goals, incorporate strategies from one another’s treatment sessions, and collaborate to identify effective interventions tailored to each child’s individual needs.
Additional Factors with Communicaiton
Body Positioning
There is strong evidence that communication, regardless of language, largely involves physical attributes such as gestures, facial expressions, body language, and interactions in the space between participants. These aspects of communication are often learned through observation of others in their environment as young children grow up. However, children with hearing loss may require extra support as they develop language and skills. Occupational therapy can support communication by addressing physical needs, spatial awareness, engagement, emotional recognition, emotional regulation, and proprioception.
Working Memory
Working memory is how we receive, process, and then express messages to and from others. Essentially, it is how we store information during activities such as problem-solving, conversations, and decision-making. It has been found that children with hearing impairments may have difficulties with working memory, particularly with lexical and auditory information. This is particularly significant for children's opportunities for social engagement and for communicating with others.
Sensory Processing
Sensory processing is an umbrella term for how each individual processes information from their environment. For communication, auditory, tactile, and visual processing are vital for full participation and understanding. Many children have difficulty processing sensory input, but this is particularly true for children with hearing loss.
Importance
It is important to remember that every child is unique and may or may not experience communication challenges. Additionally, the underlying causes of communication difficulties are often multifaceted and can vary greatly from child to child. Professional evaluation and individualized intervention recommendations are essential; however, many children may still benefit from the activities and strategies listed above. If this information seems applicable to your child, consider trying some of these activities and reaching out to a local speech or occupational therapy clinic for additional guidance or a formal evaluation. Strong communication skills play a significant role in a child’s overall development, participation, and ability to engage with others.